by Thomas Lombardo*
“One species on the planet, and one species only, has reached the point of being able to have an impact on the evolutionary fortunes of all other species and upon the functioning of all ecosystems. We also have, in a way that is not true for any other species, a relationship to the planet as a whole and to the future. We live with all life.”
“The new polarization is a split between different kinds of belief, not between different beliefs. It divides those who believe from those who have beliefs. It pits fundamentalists—who may be fundamentalists of religion, science, ideology, or cultural tradition—against an opposition called relativists here, secular humanists there, religious liberals somewhere else.”
“If there is anything we have plenty of, it is belief systems.”
Walter Truett Anderson
Walter Truett Anderson,
in a series of books over roughly a fifteen year period, developed a multi-faceted and relatively comprehensive theoretical analysis of contemporary trends and potential future directions for humanity. In his books, he has examined and synthesized such diverse topics as human belief systems, values, and culture; biotechnology and information technology; evolution and ecology; human psychology; society and globalization; Eastern and Western philosophy; and the past and potential future evolution of enlightenment. His most noteworthy books over this period include,
Reality Isn’t What It Used To Be: Theatrical Politics, Ready-to-Wear Religion, Global Myths, Primitive Chic, and Other Wonders of the Postmodern World (1990),
Evolution Isn’t What it Used to Be: The Augmented Animal and the Whole Wired World (1996),
The Future of the Self: Inventing the Postmodern Person (1997),
All Connected Now: Life in the First Global Civilization (2001), and
The Next Enlightenment: Integrating East and West in a New Vision of Human Evolution (2003) In
Reality Isn’t What it Used to Be, Anderson presents the argument that in contemporary times there is a fundamental conflict and disagreement between absolutists and relativists regarding the nature of human knowledge and human values. The former believe that human knowledge and values are grounded in absolute and objective principles and facts; the relativists believe that knowledge and values are historically, culturally, and psychologically relative (or subjective). In essence, this is the conflict between fundamentalists (the absolutists) and Postmodernists (the relativists), though we could also include as absolutists those who believe that science provides objective and certain knowledge about reality. Anderson, in this book and later writings, clearly seems to side with the Postmodernists, at least to a degree. He does believe though, contrary to many Postmodernists, that there can be progress in the growth of knowledge.
In
Evolution Isn’t What it Used to Be, Anderson argues that evolution is evolving and becoming purposeful with the introduction of biotechnology and information technology into the “augmentation” and enhancement of our species. In fact, he sees technology as permeating out into all aspects and dimensions of nature, including the monitoring and control of our environment. There can be no return to a pure or unspoiled nature. Biotechnology and information technology are increasingly intertwined and, following a similar line of thinking to Kevin Kelly, Rodney Brooks, and Andy Clark, Anderson sees a general blurring of the separation of life and technology. The whole wide world is becoming the “whole wired world.”
In
The Future of the Self, Anderson picks up the Postmodern theme again, and presents the argument that the human self is a social construction, situational specific, and pluralistic, rather than singular and absolute. Anderson argues that given the complexity and rush of change in our contemporary world, a new type of self is emerging – one that is pluralistic and much more fluid. Anderson ties together human psychology, advances in the sciences, trends in culture and society, and the impact of technology on human life and the human mind, in creating a Postmodern vision of the self.
In an effort to be comprehensive regarding the nature of globalization, Walter Truett Anderson outlines a multi-dimensional theory in his book
All Connected Now. Globalization is a multi-faceted phenomenon. Anderson not only discusses economic globalization, but also includes in his book treatments of cultural and political globalization; biological and ecological factors connected with globalization; the significance of the information network in the creation of a global society; the rise of global consciousness, increased human mobility and migration; and the huge growth in numbers of human organizations, and especially, international organizations. Anderson sees “a world of open systems” as the general theme running through all these dimensions of globalization. Anderson also highlights the strong technological dimension to globalization – a theme he carries forth from his earlier book on evolution. We are being wired together - the environment is being wired together as well. Anderson also reinforces and further develops his emphasis on the pluralistic and multicultural quality of our times – a theme he introduced in his earlier books on
Reality and the
Self. Although there is resistance to globalization, where some cultures and organizations wish to remain closed, according to Anderson, the overall world-wide trend is toward increasing openness and interactivity. In this respect, his view is similar to Friedman’s books on globalization.
Some of Anderson’s main arguments and hypotheses include: There is a general ongoing trend toward multiculturalism, in spite of efforts to preserve integrated pure cultures; the twentieth-century discovery of ecology and the interdependence of the earth, life, and humanity has intensified global consciousness; there has been a significant rise in international corporations and a reciprocal rise in global governance to control and monitor these corporations; there has been a globalization of human rights and human laws; the global society is an “open society” that emphasizes individual responsibility and choice rather than dictatorial rule; a “cosmopolitan citizen” has emerged who does not identify with any particular nation; and the global society is multi-centric with many centers of power. Anderson predicts a series of global societies in the future, as the human community struggles with the challenges and inherent conflicts brought on by globalization. In the coming century, the big issue is going to be globalization itself – its pros and cons.
One theme that runs through Anderson’s books is evolution; nature and human society is dynamic, changing, and developmental. Globalization has had a history which he traces in
All Connected Now and in
The Future of the Self, Anderson looks at the history and evolutionary development of the self. In fact, for Anderson, evolution is itself changing as conscious purpose and technology become increasingly important in human growth and change (See
Evolution Isn’t What It Used To Be). In
The Next Enlightenment, Anderson recounts the historical development of enlightenment in both Western and Eastern cultures. Evolution is perhaps the central theme in this last book, for Anderson believes that enlightenment is “an evolutionary project” – an expression of the dynamic and growth-oriented dimension of reality. And a key element in the state of enlightenment is seeing that all is flow – that all being is becoming.
For Anderson, enlightenment involves a liberation from the egocentric constraints of viewing ourselves as a singular and absolute, unchanging self. In
The Future of the Self, Anderson critiques this limiting idea of the self. In
The Next Enlightenment, Anderson goes further in arguing that the most important problem of our times is overcoming this constraining view of self-identity. War, conflict, indifference, and cruelty, all arise out of conceptualizing our identity, both individually and culturally, as bounded and singular entities. Within this mindset, we fail to see the “oneness” of all humanity and the “oneness” of ourselves and the universe; instead cultures and individuals segregate and oppose each other and humanity separates itself from nature. Enlightenment involves, as a central insight, the understanding and experience of oneness. In
All Connected Now, Anderson highlights the importance of a growing sense of global consciousness and the theory of open systems (the interconnectivity of all things). In
The Next Enlightenment Anderson discusses the idea of “cosmic consciousness” as an essential feature of enlightenment. It is important to see that enlightenment means freedom for Anderson. In his history of enlightenment, provided in the first part of his book, he reviews efforts through the ages to free the human mind from the cultural and psychological forces and assumptions that enslave and suppress us.
Anderson synthesizes a variety of ideas in his theory of enlightenment. He pulls together ideas from both the East and West. He sees a thematic connection between the Buddhist ideas of oneness and flow and the Western ideas of interdependency, interconnectivity, and evolution. He discusses “flow” and “transcendence” in the context of both the western psychology of Csikszentmihalyi and Eastern meditative practices. He sees the value of both rationality and intuition as paths to enlightenment. He supports the openness of New Age spirituality, but critiques the lack of epistemological standards in this movement. He rejects the professed certainty of fundamentalism and argues instead that a key feature of enlightenment is the courageous embrace of mystery and uncertainty in human existence. Identifying a series of “liberation movements” within human history, which include the European Enlightenment, Darwinian evolutionary theory, Freudian psychology, and the Human Potential movement of the 1960s, Anderson believes that enlightenment is a higher level of consciousness, enveloping and transcending earlier stages in the growth of the human mind, that was achieved by at least some people in the past. He anticipates increasingly more people achieving this state of consciousness and mentality in the future as an expression of the evolutionary development of humanity.
* Thomas Lombardo, PhD. is a member of the scientific council of the Alternative Planetary Futures Institute (Ap-Fi)